1. As Russel Kay tells it, once ......... a time, software development consisted of a programmer writing code to solve a problem or automate a procedure.

2. Nowadays, systems are so big and complex that teams of architects, analysts, programmers, testers and users must work together to create the millions of lines of .........-written code that drive our enterprises.

3. The system development life cycle models work well when automating the activities of clerks and accountants, but they don't work nearly as well when building systems for ......... workers — people at help desks, experts trying to solve problems, or executives trying to lead their company into the Fortune 100.

4. The waterfall model assumes that the only role for users is in specifying requirements, and that all requirements can be specified in advance; unfortunately, requirements grow and change throughout the process and beyond, calling for considerable feedback and ......... consultation.

5. The fountain model recognizes that although some activities can't start before others — such as you need a design before you can start coding — there's a considerable ......... of activities throughout the development cycle.

6. The spiral model emphasizes the need to go back and ......... earlier stages a number of times as the project progresses; it's actually a series of short waterfall cycles, each producing an early prototype representing a part of the entire project.

7. In the rapid application development model, initial emphasis is on creating a ......... that looks and acts like the desired product in order to test its usefulness.

8. The ......... model divides the product into builds, where sections of the project are created and tested separately.

9. This approach will likely find errors in user requirements quickly, since user feedback is ......... for each stage and because code is tested sooner after it's written.

10. The synchronize and stabilize method combines the advantages of the spiral model with technology for overseeing and managing source code; this method allows many teams to work efficiently in .........; this approach was defined by David Yoffie of Harvard University and Michael Cusumano of MIT.